The following diagram was posted by BU family member Colonel Buggy with the following note:
Not all of St Joseph people are affected by this chronic water shortage . I have yet to see a BWA water tanker in Cattlewash, with the local gentry lugging buckets, pails and poes to collect water, or filling up from one of those plastic stand tanks. This diagram is my interpretation as to why Cattlewash has been spared the indignity of going back to the stand pipe.
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Why knock the broadcasters when the esteemed Minister of Education is the biggest culprit of bad English and malaproprism in Barbados?
“and some shiite ‘bout Mia Mottley.”
Overheard a DLP man spouting this same shite about Mia on Saturday like if Mia Mottley is run the government and paid by the electorate to bring solutions.
Today’s Nation editorial is instructive.
http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/76285/editorial-probe-bwa-management.
I had cause to reflect and ponder on the plight of several Barbadians as I read or listened to the news over the weekend, especially those news items reporting the Old Year’s night fetes hosted by politicians.
“I wondered as I wandered” if ANY of these DLP parliamentarians (especially Denis Lowe) took time out from their night of frolicking, eating, drinking, “line dancing,” impressing their guests by hosting grand parties and singing “Oh come All Ye (Party) Faithful,” to remember those former BEAUTIFY BARBADOS employees, who after almost two years after being retrenched are still awaiting their severance payments and those former NCC employees who are anxiously anticipating a conclusion of their matter which is before the ERT.
Perhaps we can assume that rather than “Deck the Halls” and enjoying himself at “Hoodies Bar,” Dr. David Estwick was busy developing strategic plans for better managing the water resources of St. Lucy, St. Andrew and St. Joseph.
I also wondered if Freundel Stuart took time out from singing “Silent Night” and “Night of Silence” continuously during the Christmas season (and by extension the entire year) to remember the plight of Barbadians living in those parishes that are experiencing water outages (or remember anything at all).
What is more disturbing is that this administration, as priority, has found money to fund yearlong celebrations for Barbados’ 50th anniversary of independence, seemingly without taking into consideration those over 20,000 Barbadians who are awaiting their sickness, maternity and unemployment benefits and others who have not received their income tax refunds and reverse tax credits since 2011 (with many of them experiencing a “Black Christmas” this year).
Please note, ESPECIALLY THOSE WHO HAVE PROBLEMS WITH COMPREHENSION, I am NOT AGAINST THE CELEBRATIONS, however, I believe when sourcing funds for whatever reason, government should also take their outstanding commitments into consideration.
Essentially, the DEMS will use this opportunity to boost their chances of winning the next general elections at the expense of taxpayers.
EWB on his returned in 1986 as PM , took the money from BWA , he was on a taking roll even wanted to take money from Schools,
@ Watchman
How so when it was Haynes calling the finance shots.Recall he wanted to tax even vegetables? Let’s get something straight.GHA,EWB and JMGM were deep thinkers and genuinely interested in uplifting Bdos and Bajans.With exception of OSA all the others were actors.
@ balance
Without wanting to dwell on uCBC TV,the weather presenter Kerry-Anne,the foremost offender of suggesting the sun rises at the whim of her or anyone else’s command,stated as boldly as Michael Carrington the Speaker did that when he said that he did not do anything wrong in withholding a clients’ funds for an inordinately long time,Kerry-Anne affirmed that the sun is “EXPECTED TO RISE”.Common sense is not a commodity to be found within the confines of CBC TV,the home of what the Trinis refer to as the FATASS BRIGADE.Take a good look at the TV brigade,big busted,big waisted,wardrobe malfunctioning,unprofessional peeps.Their motto is show de boobs and de ass and to hell wid de ress.
And CBC weather presenters still speak of “International Cities”. Berlin used to be one of the few cities which could be rightly described as an international city.
@ Gabriel
I agreed with you that GHA, EWB, JMGM were deep thinkers and wanted to see Barbados /Bajans doing well , but EWB on returning in 1986, said that a lot of money were sitting in BWA and even some Schools like HC bank accounts that should be in the treasury, the money was taken under LES ,but EWB was the person that first talk about the money, since you can spot a deep thinker, why Haynes did not last long as FM , after EWB die
Watchman
Stories abound but the fact is that dipper had decreed his succession plan and Richie was not even mentioned.Sandy knows he couldn’t match Richie on most fronts including charisma and finance,so he did the next best thing;make Richie uncomfortable,take the responsibility and after the 91 election give that awesome responsibility to a young and untested David Thompson.
It’s ironic the people affected most by this fiasco of water mismanagement are the areas responsible for maintaining the most viable sector of the economy, the tourism sector.Imagine for a moment a tourism product without the scenery of St. Andrew , St. Lucy and St. Joseph.These people deserve a greater need of attention and some respect.
One way of ensuring everyone gets water is to have a distribution system which allows the easy diversion of water from one locale to another.
That will mean long term that some areas that enjoy water 24/7 (like me) will cease to have the privilege.
I don’t have a problem with that, I know how to mitigate the problem and also to get through with less.
Months on end might be a problem but hey …. that will come about only if our monkey politicians are not reined in.
Those areas that are starved for weeks on end will only be starved for days on end …. and there is mitigation for that too.
We need to allocate the 44 mgd equitably among all areas.
It would have made more sense if residential development had been planned properly and concentrated more densely but hey … we are a third world country, what do you expect and can’t be expected to develop a sensible plan and stick to it!!
Besides, the politicians and their lackeys have to eat too … and they got some expensive tastes.
When Fort George was developed the BWA made it plain that residents would have to install water tanks and pumps …… easy to figure … just look at the elevation of the Fort George Reservoir wrt the development, one form of mitigation.
The Mount development is another I looked at …. low or no water pressure …. mitigation …. tank and pump system.
Edgehill likewise ….. all the way back in the 1980’s.
These areas have been faced with and found ways to mitigate their water problems.
We can’t be developing areas willy nilly given the nature of our water system.
I looked at a map from the 1890’s of the plans to install standpipes in the rural parishes.
Up to that time only Bridgetown had running water and that came from Newcastle Woods in St. John.
There is a large area above 700 feet elevation if my memory serves right which is hatched on the map …. meaning that area would not be getting running water in he plan.
Clearly the problem of distribution to these higher elevations in sufficient volume has not been solved and it isn’t being helped by allowing development in these areas randomly.
…. but the politicians and their lackeys have to eat.
So what if some stupid voters can’t get water!!
Rates for usage of over some agreeable volume will have to rise in the future to make people have more respect for a scarce resource.
Doesn’t really matter what happened in 2008.
What matters is demand …. now and in the future!!
…. what was the going rate for a house charged by a politician … something like $10K just to let it be built ….. but the politicians and their lackeys have to eat.
Screw the voters and their access to water …. we never had it so good!!
…… the voter meekly pays the $10K when they buy the house, a tacit acceptance of the status quo …. limited access to water!!
Another crucial item at Castle Grant reservoir not maintained since 1912?
The Barbados Advocate Sept 1952
Castle Grant Reservoir System
“The utilisation of the inverted U pipe above the reservoir to provide an additional 35 ‘ (feet) head to the pumping main from Golden Ridge and so benefit to that extent the standposts and residents that receives supply from the pumping main line, has proved successful and enables water to be received now in all floors of buildings on the highest point of the island during the 18 hours of pumping.”
I have been among those giving the MP for St Joseph heat for allowing Mr Rouse to usurp his role as mouthpiece for the constituency and organise a march in their protests over the difficulties experienced by his constituents as a result of the inability of the BWA to adequately supply the parish with water over long periods. I must apologize to the former Attorney General for his wisdom in not breaking the law he is sworn to uphold by taking part in a fly -by -night exercise which I understand was not sanctioned by the Royal Barbados Police Force.
The highest point on the island is Mount Hillaby …. you can walk up a short track and see the benchmark …. contour maps put it at 1115 feet if memory serves right.
Castle Grant is put at 1104 feet.
I can’t really see how a pipe on its own could raise water.
There has to be a pump to raise the water in the pipe.
I could see how the 35 feet could prevent back flow into the reservoir if for some reason, and there are plenty as we all know, the water supply to the section of main between Castle Grant and Mount Hillaby were to be shut off.
I want to raise another point however.
Everyone is taken up with the quantity of water available, everyone should have access to clean drinking water but here is a reason to pause and think a while.
Water Quality is I believe a far greater issue.
Contaminated Water Kills.
In 1854, there were 20,000 deaths in Barbados from an outbreak of Cholera.
It happened over the course of 3 months.
If you could afford a doctor you usually died quicker. No one knew how to deal with it. The first microscope was invented decades later and allowed the cause of cholera to be seen for the first time.
There was no piped water anywhere in Barbados at the time, the first piped water to Bridgetown resulted from this experience with mass casualties on this scale caused by contaminated water.
Yes there were epidemics of fevers and there was small pox but I haven’t come across anything on the scale of Cholera in 1854 in all my reading.
In the 1890’s Standpipes began to be supplied in rural parishes.
Government took its responsibility seriously.
The highest elevation of water sources were Harrisons Cave, Coles Cave and Bakers Cave in the gully in St. Thomas.
There was also a source in Farmer’s Gully, also St. Thomas.
The source in Farmer’s Gully had to be shut down in 1917 because for the second time in its existence it had been implicated in a Typhoid epidemic.
As the geology of Barbados became better understood it was realized where to drill for water and that the soil and coral acted to purify the water from bacterial contaminants.
Today one would expect that chlorination and the zoning policy (Tullstrom c.1963) should take care of all of that …. and one would be right.
We know we have a problem with mosquitoes where the various fevers are concerned and there is inoculation against small pox and other diseases.
It is unlikely that epidemic outbreaks caused by bacterial contamination of water would occur.
However, what about chemical contamination?
I would suggest it is a silent killer, perhaps not on a scale of the other killers mentioned above but ……
Here is a rather unnerving link between pesticides used at one time routinely in the environment and one type of cancer.
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jul/13/france-pesticide-health-scandal-chlordecone
Here also is a link that would show where Barbados sits in the incidence of that particular form of cancer.
http://www.wcrf.org/int/cancer-facts-figures/data-specific-cancers/prostate-cancer-statistics
Barbados is number 5 in the world, Martinique is number 1.
The point is that pesticides get into our water.
Spray makes agricultural work easier … or so I am told …. but ….. it can kill in the hands of monkeys, and we have some real monkeys running about in Barbados.
@David, did you see this? http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/76344/water-rationing-reintroduced-st-kitts
Thanks Alicia, coincidentally it was reported in local news this morning that Barbados will experience drought conditions this year.
John;
Do you know if that particular pesticide (Chlordecone or Kepone) was ever used in Barbados?
@David, I suspect rationing may be something we will be forced to do here as well. Barbadians also need to start adopting proper water management practices. We do waste a lot of water without even realising it. I had written an article on water security a while back where I suggested perhaps we should look at incentives for businesses which invest in water efficient technologies. That aside, my heart goes out to the people of affected parts of St. Joseph though. Being without water for days on end, cannot be easy, especially for people who depend on farming for their livelihoods.
@are-we-there-yet January 5, 2016 at 6:21 PM #
DDT was banned by the western world and we were still using it,furthermore when it was finally banned here the last of the DDT was stored in a wooden hut for decades with it seeping out……I wonder how many deaths at the MoA it contributed to?
@David, do you or does any of your readers know if Barbados currently has or has ever had a national water policy?
Water management is a must but we need to appreciate 50% of our water escapes from the distribution system via a leaky network. What has the BWA done through the years to improve our poor main network? What has the BWA done to improve governance? We continue to appoint political hacks to the Board. What has the BWA done to bring changes against thieving suppliers identified by the AG?.
Have a read of the Auditor General 2012 special report.
http://bao.gov.bb/themes/marinelli/files/BWA%20Special%20Audit%20Report.pdf
DDT has a long half life.
Pretty sure it was found when a study of water quality in the Graeme Hall swamp was done a few years back, saw the study on either BU or BFP.
In Florida it occurs in the Everglades.
Don’t know if either of the offending pesticides in the article were used in Barbados … but I know deildrin and aldrin were until the Pesticides Control Board banned their importation …. they are both known to cause cancer.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieldrin
I also know atrazine was found in the water in Barbados.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrazine
The 1978 Water Resources Study shows that on average, Nitrate levels were below WHO standards …. but they exceeded those standards occasionally in every well tested during the study!!
Nicky Sealy directed me to the Water Resources Study when I had a chat with him in 1987, back when I was beginning to try to understand the water supply in Barbados.
Nitrates according to the study can cause “Blue Baby Syndrone”
@David, yup I am aware. The mainlaying project is supposed to rectify that. It would be interesting to hear how successful it has been so far and what is the current level of leakage. That being said, we do have an onus as a people not to waste water as well. I am curious to know whether we have a national water policy. I have been reading up on other SIDS like Mauritius which have their own own water challenges and have formulated national water policies to identify the scope of their challenges and inform their water resource development and management practices.
@Alicia
Vincent, John, Colonel Buggy et al should be able to answer your questions.
On your point about efficient water usage as a people note the ethos required to support it must be anchored in a chrystal vision efficiently executed by management.
@ David,
You should thank the many bloggers on BU who make this forum such a great font of knowledge. My only regret is that you appear reluctant to spread the BU gospel to broader pastures.
BU is an agent for genuine political change in Barbados. For example, this contrived water crisis gives BU the opportunity to agitate, educate and politicise the Bajan public. Something that our esteemed journals consistently fail to do.
There is a Water Resources Study done in 1966, one in 1978 and one sometime in the early or mid 1990’s.
I know the first two are available in the Public Library.
There is also the Tullstrom Report (c. 1963) available in the Archives and of course Senn.
The Water Resources Studies, commissioned by the GOB and paid for by us are supposed to be blueprints the country is to follow.
They deal with diverse aspects such as the projected capital requirements for BWA, water consumption projections, quality etc, etc..
So yes, there is a National Water Policy and it takes the form of the “Water Resources Study”.
It is in the Public Library, at least the first two.
The one from 1978 is 6 volumes worth if memory serves me right!!
However, it is kind of like the Physical Development Plan, except the PDP is due by law every five years I believe …… when was the last one published.
Read Lenny St. Hill to find out how the PDP works ….. or doesn’t work!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
I don’t know if the pesticide mentioned in the link is used in Barbados.
I do know that DDT was used and it has a long halfing the study life.
I remember reading (BFP or BU) that it was found in the water tests done in the Graeme Hall Swamp by the Graeme Hall Nature Sanctuary.
It occurs in the Florida Everglades.
Very persistent in the environment.
Deildrin and Aldrin were both used in Barbados, known carcinogens. Their importation was banned by the Pesticide Control Board.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieldrin
I know Atrazine was found in our water.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atrazine
When I started reading the Water Resources Study back in 1987 to understand how our water supply works I found Nitrate levels although on average below WHO standards were at one time or another during the study, above the standard in all the wells sampled.
Nitrates can cause blue baby syndrome.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_baby_syndrome
Nicky Sealy directed me to the study.
It is in 6 volumes but not difficult to read.
Lots of tables.
For me interesting stuff.
If someone were to dump say the carcass of a slaughtered pig like they used to or a dead dog, it would take time to get into the ground water.
If it is dumped far enough away the bad stuff will decay, but if it is dumped too close to a well some may appear around the pump.
The pump will draw it in with the water and deliver it to a reservoir.
Some will be lost on the way through leaks.
There will be chlorination along the way which gets rid of more bad stuff.
The reservoir will be receiving water from various other wells so the bad stuff becomes further diluted.
It is delivered with the water to the distribution system.
More is lost through leaks and finds its way to consumers but not all, just the ones who happen to take water at the time the bad stuff is passing their location in the main.
With chemical contamination, chlorination does not help, but leaks do!!
It is all about probability and statistics …. ie, luck and chance!!
If you want to see how a first world SIDS operates where water is concerned, look at Singapore.
Ok, so they may be control freaks, but it works!!
@John, thank you sincerely for your very comprehensive and informative response! I haven’t looked at the Singapore case as yet so I will definitely be doing so. Much appreciated.
@Exclaimer
One of the reasons open source applications become popular is because users spread the word. Members of the family are free to spread the word using whatever means they have available.
The population of Barbados increased by over 50,000 from 1966.
519639 stay over visitors came to Barbados in 2014.
There has at least been 20% of the land that has become impervious to rainwater since 1966. Roads , roofs and driveways etc.
Effective Water management should reflect the above changes.
DDT was used extensively by many farmers,and especially those with vegetable gardens. Cabbages,especially, which were later sold in the streets and markets in Bridgetown were treated with DDT to rid them of worms. I remember seeing my father and others nearby, applying the DDT solution with Khus Khus grass formed like a broom. As I said before my father spanned 3 centuries,and was not a lover of vegetables.
John January 5, 2016 at 5:55 PM #
The highest point on the island is Mount Hillaby …. you can walk up a short track and see the benchmark …. contour maps put it at 1115 feet if memory serves right.
Castle Grant is put at 1104 feet.
I can’t really see how a pipe on its own could raise water.
There has to be a pump to raise the water in the pipe.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
There is no mystery over the inverted U Tube arrangement at Castle Grant Reservoir
Its like siphoning petrol out of a car fuel tank
http://i.imgur.com/8AJRNlh.png?1
@John, as a follow up I had a look at the Medium Term Growth and Development strategy(2013-2020). There is a section which deals with a strategy for water, identifying the challenges, targets and strategies. Not sure how many of the strategies have been implemented and whether they have had any impact. I do know the mainslaying, upgrading is on-going, the completion of the new BWA building, but what about the others? http://www.economicaffairs.gov.bb/download.php?id=327 (page 104)
Strategies
• Installation of three new transmission mains to transfer water to Christ Church Dome and
St. Philip.
• Development of new ground water sources in St. Philip while also developing a
distribution network to take water to this parish.
• Upgrade of wastewater treatment levels to allow for the reuse of treated wastewater
including the desalination of brackish/sea water.
• Mains Replacement and upgrade water mains and install and replace water meters.
• Install and upgrade District Metered Areas and permanent leakage detection facilities.
• Replace pumps and electrical equipment while reviewing reservoir structures.
• Undertake Pumping Station Upgrades which includes the installation of SCADA at such
stations, also reservoirs and in distribution system.
• Install alternative/renewable energy systems.
• Design and Construct a reverse osmosis treatment plant at the Belle and a water
treatment plant at Ashton Hall.
• Implementation of turbidity control and treatment systems at Bowmanston.
• Redesign and construct a West Coast Sewage treatment and collection system during the
planning period.
• Rehabilitate the existing Bridgetown sewage collection system.
• Design and construct a Septage Handling Facility at Graeme Hall.
• Complete construction of a new Water Authority headquarters building.
Targets (from water section of MTGDS)
• The installation of the three new transmission mains to transfer water to Christ Church
Dome and St. Philip should be completed during the period 2013-2014
• The development of new ground water sources in St. Philip should be completed by
2014
• Developing the distribution network to distribute water from the new ground sources in
St. Philip is to be completed by 2014
• Upgrade of wastewater treatment levels to allow for reuse of treated wastewater should
be completed during 2014-2020
• Desalination of brackish/sea water in order to increase the supply of water is to be
completed during 2015-2018
• Mains Replacement and upgrade programme should implemented over the period
2013- 2016 and continuing
• Installation and upgrade of District Metered Areas and permanent leakage detection
facilities to be implemented by 2018
• Replacement of pumps and electrical equipment should completed over the period 2014
to 2016 and continuing
• Review reservoir structure and capacity and repair and replace as needed to be
completed by 2018
• Improve access roads to BWA facilities to be implemented by 2018
• Pumping Station Upgrades to be completed by 2018
• Installation of SCADA at pumping stations, reservoirs and in distribution system to be
executed by 2016
• Installation of GPS tracking devices on BWA vehicles to be executed by 2015
• Installation of alternative/renewable energy systems to be completed by 2020
• Design and Construction of R.O. Treatment Plant at Belle P.S. to be completed by 2016
• Implementation of turbidity control and treatment systems at Bowmanston to be
executed by 2016
• Design and Construction of water treatment plant at Ashton Hall to be built by 2020
• Design and construction of disinfection, chlorine dosing and contact tanks at
appropriate points in water supply system to be completed by 2018
106
• Sewering of Pine and Wildey areas to be executed by 2017
• Sewering of Belle area to be executed over the period 2017 to 2020
• Redesign and construction of West Coast Sewage treatment and collection system to be
developed over the period 2014 to 2020
• Rehabilitation of existing Bridgetown sewage collection system to be executed over the
period 2013 and beyond
• Design and construction of Septage Handling Facility at Graeme Hall to be completed
over the period 2014-2016
• Installation of Fencing, lighting and electronic surveillance equipment to be
implemented by 2020
• Upgrade of hydro-meteorological and salinity monitoring and data collection networks
to be completed by 2015
• Construction of new H.Q. building to be completed by 2015
@Alicia
Thanks for the laugh!
@David, lol. On a serious note though, I find we have these very elaborate and detailed policy documents but outside of the Budget, finding information on the progress made towards the goals elaborated is quite challenging. So how do we know whether what we are doing is having a positive or negative impact?
@Caribbean Trade Law January 6, 2016 at 12:56 PM #
Would this be one of the areas that the Auditor General’s department would have done an audit on?
@Vincent, the BWA is one of the statutory authorities included in the Auditor General’s yearly report. But the information in that report is not what I am after. I am trying to ascertain whether there is any information publicly available in regards to progress made on the targets identified in the water strategy under the MTGDS.
On another note, in Mauritius they have a yearly Water Account report which details the level of water availability, usage etc: http://statsmauritius.govmu.org/English/StatsbySubj/Documents/quality%20of%20life/Water%20Account,%20Mauritius%202013.pdf Do we have something similar and if so, where can I obtain it?
@Caribbean Trade Law January 6, 2016 at 1:14 PM #
I doubt very much we have such reports on achieving goals set,in any of our govt. departments far less the BWA.
@Caribbean Trade Law
Should that not have read after that long list and before the last item.
OR
. Construction of a new H.Q. building to be completed by 2015
@Vincent and Colonel Buggy, indeed. My whole point in trying to ascertain the level of policy planning and reviewing is whether we have any idea of the scale of the water scarcity and shortage problem, which parishes are most affected (not just anecdotally), because only then will we know the scale and type of solutions that would be necessary. How much water do cruise ships use when docked here? What is the current level of leakage? I heard years ago that was 60% but is this still the case and has there been any mitigation due to the mainlaying and upgrading so far? If I find anything, I will share though.
We have a management issue cum governance if we take a little example of BWA truck drivers asking for favours and community tanks not being replenished in a timely manner. It is easy to determine the quality of management.
The water crisis/scandal affecting Barbados bears all the hallmarks of a country that is on the verge of complete social meltdown.
Just recently, I was talking to a family member of my antipathy towards the country where my parents were born and raised; and have now returned. I cited to her my objections to the water crisis; I informed her that this crisis was a classic case of a country whose leadership had lost its way.
I told her that the water crisis was due in part to a tourist industry that has an insatiable appetite for our greatest ever natural resource. Her reply to me shocked me to the core: “The tourist industry is our number one industry which we must protect.”
I replied, “….. And what of those thousands of Barbadian citizens who currently have no access or a limited access to this precious resource?”
She empathised with those individuals but was adamant that the tourist industry had to be ring-fenced. And there we have it folks. If these are the views of “Middle” Barbados then what must our esteemed leaders be thinking?
Imagine this we are in 2016 and we have a government who has no qualms denying her negro citizens the right to access to water; yet at the same time a government who is comfortable donating the country’s precious water resources to foreign tourists, the owners of high end hotels and a wealthy elite who reside in Barbados.
The treatment plant at the Belle is as close to an admission of a contaminated aquifer you will get.
That is going to be big bucks!!!
There was talk one time of sewering the Warrens Area to prevent contamination of the sheet water area from which Belle and Codrington pumping stations get water but it costs money.
Perhaps that should have been a requirement laid down when permission to develop was given but hey, unlike Singapore where I suspect you will find monkeys only in a Zoo, ours run wild and do as they please.
Short term gain for a few, long term pain for all.
The turbidity problem at Bowmanston refers to the fact that when there is heavy rainfall, mud gets into the well and it has to be shut down until the stream clears.
Bowmanston is on stream water, not sheet water.
It was discovered in the late 1800’s.
My reading of Senn suggests it was the second water source after Bowmanston to be tapped for the public water supply.
I think the Bridgetown Water Supply Company first used it and then Everton just upstream became available for a competing water supply company which was to supply rural areas.
Court followed as there is a limit to the water the stream can produce and the Government decided to take over the two warring companies.
The Water Works Department (WWD) was born.
It is now known as the BWA.
It is quite fascinating to go down the 257 feet to the cave in a bucket.
The dark is absolute down there when you switch off the flashlights.
Others I know have followed the cave underground to Everton upstream and tried to map it downstream.
When I was young and dumb I would have gone too but now I am not so young but some people say, just as dumb.
The surface topography, sinkholes and the big duck pond just outside Kendal Factory suggests to me it heads to Kendal.
Metering will assume major significance.
Unaccounted for water needs to be minimized to detect leaks early.
Siphon Action
There is no way that the siphon action will work as shown in the diagram!!
The inverted UTube has to be filled by pumping, the reservoir in the diagram never fills high enough to force water up the tube and over the top.
However if the reservoir were to go dry, the distribution system not drawn in the diagram could not force the water in it back over the top of the inverted U because the highest point is at 1115 feet and the top of the inverted U is at 1104+35 =1139 feet.
That’s why I suspect it is used as a form back flow prevention, but I really don’t know.
I think you need to understand the increase in population due to tourism better.
What is the average length of stay for a visitor?
I seem to remember it was a week or less.
It is not cheap coming here!!
We don’t get an increase in population of 500K on a given day.
You would really need to look at arrivals and departures together but I would venture a guess that on any given average day the visitor population is about 10,000, less than 5% of the actual population!!
I get there by assuming a one week stay and that the 500K visitors in a year are spread out evenly, which they really are not.
There are 52 weeks in a year.
That’s why I say Average.
This is a miniscule drain on the water resources.
However, we have decided to attract upscale tourists.
Villas with lush green grounds need water whether full or empty.
…. and irrigation uses a terrific amount of water.
I think this is the problem associated with tourism and water.
The actual number of tourists I don’t think is really an issue.
Looks like even in Singapore monkeys are a problem
http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/monkey-see-monkey-do-5-monkey-hot-spots-in-singapore
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