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An interesting and provocative editorial found in The BarbadosAdvocate 29.04.2016.

black-and-white“If you open that Pandora’s box, you never know what Trojan ‘orses will jump out…” –Ernest Bevin (1949)

While Barbados does not proclaim it as poetically as Trinidad & Tobago’s national anthem does, our constitutional ethos implies that here also “every creed and race finds an equal place”. However, there are many Barbadians who, for one reason or another, will justifiably question whether this tenet obtains in practice as opposed to subsisting merely in theory.

As witness recently when there were objections to the description of Barbados as the freest black nation on earth: where the voiced disagreement, surprisingly, was not over the comparative degree of freedom enjoyed locally, but rather over the shade ascribed to the nation. It has ever been thus. Local discussions pertaining to race and colour have always been fraught with tension; a reality owed as much to the sensitive nature of the issue as to the difficulty of determining, among our blackish and whitish citizens, who fits (or should fit) precisely where.

The Ambassador to CARICOM, His Excellency Robert “Bobby” Morris may therefore inadvertently have opened a hornet’s nest with his recent call for an apology by the “descendants of white Barbadian slave owners” to the local “descendants of slaves”’; a vicarious mea culpa that, he counsels, should be accepted by the offerees.

First, Mr Morris, who we have no doubt is well meaning and conciliatory in his call, may have miscalculated the degree of miscegenation that would have occurred in a small concentrated slave society, so that neither his categorization of blackish Barbadians as the descendants of slaves, nor, indeed that of whitish Barbadians as the descendants of white Barbadian slave owners is entirely accurate even at a superficial level.

And it would not be incorrect to assert that the blackish Barbadian, more so than his or her white counterpart, tends to regards this racial mixing as a badge of pride. One expects therefore that some of these individuals would take umbrage at being categorized simply as a member of one category merely by virtue of their current outward appearance. More over, there are many Barbadians, both blackish and whitish, who appear to be frankly bored with any discussion about slavery and who consider that it is high time that we move on with the current global arrangements.

This is not to say that the whitish individuals among us might not have benefited from being thus complected, although we also consider that this phenomenon might have been owed rather to overarching societal norms that place a higher value on the degree of absence of melanin and proceed to confer commercial and social benefits accordingly.

It may be for these reasons that Mr Morris’s call has failed to attract much popular support. Indeed, one prominent local blackish businessman in a letter to the Barbados Advocate earlier this week reminded, “nobody owes us a living. It’s a brave new world…”

They may also account for the similarly lukewarm reception that has greeted the call for reparations for slavery to be paid by European nations to regional countries and their inhabitants. It has always puzzled us how the individual beneficiaries of these reparations should be identified. Will there be a requirement to trace one’s lineage back to an identifiable slave? Or will entitlement be based simply on current phenotype, disregarding the happenstance of any historical irregularity in the bloodline?

The truth is that while there may be a substantial degree of moral justification for an apology and reparations, the years since the dark night of slavery have fundamentally altered the stark racial divisions that then prevailed. To base current events on this same division seems to us unjustified.


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570 responses to “Of Apologies and Compensation”

  1. Well Well & Consequences Avatar
    Well Well & Consequences

    All that needs to be done now is some ancestry DNA testing and all the history of who is who will come out…there is a DNA registry in England as well.

  2. Well Well & Consequences Avatar
    Well Well & Consequences

    Dont see any rushing to go to England these days either since some believe the country is a magnet for terrorists, there is even too much fantasy in the Caribbean and England is filled with pretentiousness. In my estimation, Africa is too damn far….some people do go though, for the experience, I can tell you that, a few also stay in Africa, it’s a huge continent.


  3. http://interactive.ancestry.com/1129/CSUK1817_133762-00190/3131135?backurl=http%3a%2f%2fsearch.ancestry.com%2fcgi-bin%2fsse.dll%3fdb%3dBritishSlaves%26gss%3dsfs28_ms_db%26new%3d1%26rank%3d1%26msT%3d1%26gskw%3dreynold%2520alleyne%26MSAV%3d0%26uidh%3dud5&backlabel=ReturnSearchResults#?imageId=CSUK1817_133762-00190

    … and here is Cabbage Tree Hall, the return of Sir Reynold Alleyne in 1817.

    Cabbage Tree Hall became Alleynedale.

    I don’t know if I read right but it looks as though there were no House Servants!!

    Quite different from the fantasy of the clip!!

    I realize that the Alleyne family owned many plantations.

    …… and, if I read the writing correctly, there was a slave who was a leper, Cudjoe Bartlett, no assigned work.

    Never seen that one before but of course, there had to be lepers in Barbados at the time!!!!!

    Sure makes me think.

  4. Vincent Haynes Avatar
    Vincent Haynes

    John

    Thanks a lot for the FitzHerbert clip…..

    I too knew Turners Hall back in the day when it was owned by Mr Cumberbatch and EWB and was the BRC venue for hill climbs starting at Swanns factory yard,this was after the Spa hill became too bad to use in the 50’s.

    Funnily enough I lived at Haggats Factory and always admired the old house you have described at that stage(it finally closed around ’67) it was subdivided into offices and sleeping quarters for the overseers and cane weigher(who is still alive today).

    The slave story is as complex as humanity itself,it all depends on the personality/knowledge of the enslaved and the enslaver,likewise the view of their progeny will change the more removed they are from the poverty of the chattle house village community.

    I posit that the greatest agitators for reparations are those who came from the poor villages of 30’s-50’s and benefitted from scholarships and became highly “ëducated” as opposed to the 2nd&3rd generation of the same era whose parents had already advanced after leaving primary school in 7th standard by dint of their own hardwork and sitting overseas written exams


  5. Turner’s Hall got its name from John Turner who in 1668 sold it to his step son, Abel Alleyne.

    In 1746, Elizabeth Alleyne bequeathed it to her nephew, Thomas Alleyne, and should he die without issue, to her neice, Mary Fitzherbert.

    Fitzherberts owned Turner’s Hall until the 1950’s!!!!!

    The Alleyne/Fitzherbert families can thus trace their connection with Turner’s Hall almost back to the year dot.

    When did Erroll Barrow buy it?

    …. and ….. I have been always curious to know who owned Haggatts when you lived there, ….. presumably in the 1950’s … or was it the 1960’s that you lived there?

    I am curious to know how its ownership changed.


  6. The Alleynes were exceedingly wealthy back in the 1700s. In those days the toast in London was “to be as Rich as a Cbean sugarcane planter”. They probably owned 10-15% of Bim mainly in St Andrew (Bawdens, The River etc) and St Peter. Sir John lived at Nicholas Abbey. His grand daughter married Benjamin Franklin’s son in the 1760s. The price of Sugar can be very volatile and in the last 30yrs has sold for 61 cents down to 2 cents per pound. Now around 15-16 cents. Hence like Oil today if owners reached too far then disaster loomed. Hence why EWB realised that Bim had to move away from the dominance of sugar.

    It was a brilliant young Alleyne (Cambridege LLB) that won the very first case tried in London regarding Slavery, when an owner brought his slave to London, but the Judge found that the slave could not be regarded as such in England.


  7. … ah boy, these wicket slave owners!!

    Most plantations ended up in chancery in the past …. sugar was volatile and the plantations were never intended to make profits ….. just to provide a living for Quaker families so they could practice their beliefs.

    Many people don’t realize just how thrifty and business minded Quakers are and were and they made a go of sugar in Barbados for generation after generation, always as Bobby Morris told me just one step away from failure.

    Here are some of the business ventures of Quakers in the past that demonstrate their business acumen.

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Quaker_businesses,_organizations_and_charities

    … but it was not only their business acumen that ensured success, it was also their faith in God!!!!!!!!!

    I think there was a period when huge profits were made in sugar in Barbados and that was at the time when the slaves in Haiti destroyed its economy.

    Haiti at that time provided 40% of the Europe’s sugar, more than all the sugar produced by the British colonies.

    Look at an atlas or Google Earth and you will appreciate the difference in scale.

    “Prior to the Seven Years’ War (1756–63), the economy of Saint-Domingue gradually expanded, with sugar and, later, coffee becoming important export crops. After the war, which disrupted maritime commerce, the colony underwent rapid expansion. In 1767, it exported 72 million pounds of raw sugar and 51 million pounds of refined sugar, one million pounds of indigo, and two million pounds of cotton.[14] Saint-Domingue became known as the “Pearl of the Antilles” – one of the richest colonies in the 18th century French empire. By the 1780s, Saint-Domingue produced about 40 percent of all the sugar and 60 percent of all the coffee consumed in Europe. This single colony, roughly the size of Hawaii or Belgium, produced more sugar and coffee than all of Britain’s West Indian colonies combined.”

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Haiti

    Haiti had sugar refineries because of its scale of production in the 18th century, Barbados has never been able to justify the investment.

    The price of sugar went up three times at that time.

    …. but it didn’t last because although Napoleon lost Haiti and its huge profits from sugar, he promoted the development of sugar beet in France which eventually brought things back to normal for Barbados.

    Sugar in Barbados was a break even proposition most years, some years the price would be high some years drought or disease would hammer it.

    It was only by skillful management by all concerned that it lasted so long …. plus I believe, its goals were never to make huge profits, just support families in the practice of their religious beliefs and create a retreat for them from religious persecution in England.

    … and members of those families ultimately saw to the abolition of slavery.

    The problem arises because many people cannot differentiate between the wealth that comes with happiness and contentment …. and riches.

    You always have wealth once you acquire it, and it grows, …. but riches are always spent and you never have enough.

    Even if the reparations lot were actually able to go back in time and confront those they claim to detest so much they would find that the riches are figments of their imaginations!!


  8. @ John
    …by any chance …..are you often referred to as ‘Johnny’…?

  9. Well Well & Consequences Avatar
    Well Well & Consequences

    John…with all of that talk, see if a lazy, greedy group of people had you and your descendants as beasts of burdens for 300 years see how you liked it, it’s not too late for you or yours to have the experience. ..the Haitian slaves did the right thing, the slaves who rebelled in the Caribbean and across the Americas, did the right thing, who wants to enrich cruel animals so that they could brag and boast about wealth and superiority.

    And why did superior master not do all the work himself, with his sickly wife and children, though only some were sickly, most were just lazy….glorifying evil will see it tirned on you….but you did prove my point that the Brutish and French both owe for using slaves instead of doing the work themselves.

    None of the slave masters acquired wealth, they stole wealth when they stole labor from black people, stole black people’s identities, stole islands from the natives they found everywhere. ..there is nothing glorious about being common thieves and criminals.

    That’s the first thing I told one of my children when she asked, her appearnce is European and attending a private school in North America, she asked me one day why it seemed people thought they had to be proud of being white, I explained to her the slave trade at 6 years old and told her that was no reason to be proud, it was a dark and ugly part of mankind thst should never have seen the light of day….at least I can say she did not grow up to be psychologically twisted, thinking that she owns the earth and everyone who is a darker shade to her, she has a well balanced psyche, being fully aware that people are supposed to live free of being owned or thinking they have the right to own others.

    Maybe that shooud be taught in schools.

  10. Well Well & Consequences Avatar
    Well Well & Consequences

    *glorifying evil will see it turned on you AND YOURS….


  11. the Haitian slaves did the right thing ……

    ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

    … and their descendants are reaping the sweets and will do so for generations to come!!

    Think about the difference between the Haitian experience and our own … then … just give thanks and praise to God.


  12. *glorifying evil will see it turned on you AND YOURS….
    +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

    Be still, and know that I am God: I will be exalted among the heathen, I will be exalted in the earth Psalm 46:10

  13. Well Well & Consequences Avatar
    Well Well & Consequences

    John…the Haitian people are reaping the bitterness from the evil that is France, making them pay a hundred years for thrir freedom, freedom they shoild never have to pay for….the evil of the French whites which will follow there generations of descendants for a 1000 years, and no one should eeep…your twisted logic of black people should be slaves and be thankful for being slaves will strangle you one day…remember my words when you feel the squeeze of your twisted psyche.

  14. Colonel Buggy Avatar
    Colonel Buggy

    Back then in Charleston, South Carolina, the modern day twin-city of Bridgetown Barbados.
    http://i.imgur.com/RRRAvw6.jpg?1


  15. Of the first 19 Governors of SC, 13 could trace their roots to Bim!


  16. WC

    We are all slaves to sin, regardless of colour

    But God has set us free.


  17. Colonel, the ad is from March 1833.

    It was in America.

    Do you know what happened barely five months later in England?

    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833

    It took another generation and a bloody civil war to finally defeat slavery in America.

    An institution which had stood for millennia had come to an end …. but had it?

    Today there are more slaves in the world than there have ever been.

    What are you doing about it?

  18. Vincent Haynes Avatar
    Vincent Haynes

    John May 9, 2016 at 10:56 AM #

    We lived at Haggats in the early sixties,it was closed prior to our arrival and the govt. under EWB reopened it,under the ADC whose chmn was Dowding,govt still owns it like other plantations in the area i.e.Bruce Vale,Swans,Bawdens,Sedgepond,Turners Hall and the inheritor of the Ag.Dev Bank has/had Friendship.

    My memory not the greatest,recalls that Tom on assuming office seized it from its owners for land tax arrears and named Cumberbatch and EWB.

  19. Vincent Haynes Avatar
    Vincent Haynes

    This in my opinion is a usefull addition to this link.

    Karl Watson

    https://shar.es/1eOxmw


  20. BT

    Remember those mysterious white people only meetings you are convinced took place at Cattlewash ……. well …… they didn’t actually take place at Cattlewash ……. and they were not at all mysterious!!!

    I’ll tell you a bit about them shortly …. and even where they took place around the island at various strategic locations…… but unfortunately their minutes are not available at the moment …. but if they were they would be public documents!!!!


  21. My brother in law’s grandfather worked at Haggatts.

    His son, my brother in law’s father, grew up as a boy playing cricket in Haggatt’s yard with friends from Baxter’s Plantation just up the road.


  22. I was cracking up laughing at Karl Watson’s article ….. he seems to be saying that although he did not grow up on a plantation he did grow up among black people.

    I grew up on a plantation.

    I grew up among numerous black people but all were adults under the age of 65.

    If you look at the slave returns I posted you will see that the three plantations had about 150 slaves.

    Any child growing up at Turner’s Hall, Haggatts or Alleynedale at the time of slavery grew up among black people …. and plenty of them from babies to centenarians!

    In my day slavery was done, there was a lot of mechanization and chemicals were being used so a plantation would not have had nearly as many people to support as it did in the time of slavery.

    I am surprised that VH needed to use Karl Watson’s article when he could have described his own boy days growing up at Haggatts among nuff Black people.

    Maybe his parents sent him off to boarding school and he missed the experience.

  23. Colonel Buggy Avatar

    But not all of the plantation children from the Great house or managers quarters mixed with the children in the nearby villages or tenantries, even though many of them were related to those children in the villages, as was the case at Castle Grant , whose owner Eddie Cox was alleged to have fathered some 60 children from women who worked on his plantations. Many of these children and their descendants still live in nearby villages, and not far away is a descendant of the great house. The only mix between the two, may be high concrete wall and fences.


  24. “… and their descendants are reaping the sweets and will do so for generations to come!! […]Think about the difference between the Haitian experience and our own … then … just give thanks and praise to God.”

    That unfortunately is too frigging true. Equally frigging true that there were other revolutions and massacres of prisoners of war before them and since them yet it seems that those Black brothers are one of the few groups who have made for their fathers sins for eternity.

    Wait though, your fathers massacred lots of innocent peeps at various times, but dem was in charge. Oh yeah, dah different. So al right den not a shite happen to you and the udder descendants before you.

    Anyhow yah like yah right tis a good things dem slaves dem in Barbados didn’t get nah high-fluting ideas like dem Haitians and kill off some soldiers and planters dem.

    The English wud hada kick we ass to de curb long time….

  25. Colonel Buggy Avatar

    Prodigal Son May 10, 2016 at 8:58 PM #
    The slave owners and planter class of yesteryear , just like the politicians of today , knew very well that they could have kicked the Bajan up his arse, and the only response that he may utter is, ” Dah was a gud wun, skipper!”


  26. …..they could have kicked the Bajan up his arse, and the only response that he may utter is, ” Dah was a gud wun, skipper!”
    ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    Somebody needs to tell John that we don’t play that shiite on BU….


  27. Colonel Buggy May 10, 2016 at 6:16 PM #

    But not all of the plantation children from the Great house or managers quarters mixed with the children in the nearby villages or tenantries, even though many of them were related to those children in the villages, as was the case at Castle Grant , whose owner Eddie Cox was alleged to have fathered some 60 children from women who worked on his plantations. Many of these children and their descendants still live in nearby villages, and not far away is a descendant of the great house. The one mix between the two, may be high concrete wall and fences.
    +++++++++++++++++++++

    Colonel, all I can suggest to you is to read Richard Hoad, aka Lowdown.

    You may then be able to understand the difference between fantasy and reality.

    Hoad routinely reminisces about his time growing up on Vaucluse Planation!!

    It is impossible to imagine human beings living in such close proximity and not mixing and developing lasting relationships!!!!!

    I never seen Hoad claim any family relationship but occasionally he will allude to the sexual prowess of a relative while at the same belittling his own!!

    The problem may be you never spent any significant time in a plantation yard and watched the natural interactions which occurred among people who made the plantation work.

    You relied on stories brought out of Mount Wilton Plantation yard and twisted them to suit the prevailing version of events.

    It is really sad to know that few if any of future generations will ever experience the bliss of knowing that regardless of colour, each person in the community that was the Plantation had the other’s back.

    Today, such an existence is unimaginable as the principle of dog eat dog is promoted.

  28. Vincent Haynes Avatar
    Vincent Haynes

    John

    So we have finally come to the bete noir,the crux of the matter…….class differentation…….what took you so long to spell it out………no I did not go to boarding school and to this day I am still known by the grans of the workers I knew ….Yes I socialised with the ones from Baxters as well………I spent between ’64&’68 in Bim at Haggats and did not return to St.Andrew to live untill ’79,but that is another story.

  29. Colonel Buggy Avatar

    @John
    You relied on stories brought out of Mount Wilton Plantation yard and twisted them to suit the prevailing version of events.
    ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
    If anyone is guilty of being Twistorian, it is you. You ,like many ,of our historians in
    Barbados question the views of people who have lived through these experiences.
    What interaction what? between workers on the plantation and children and folk of the plantation yard. Workers came to work at seven in the morning, grabbed and sharpened their tools and were briskly shepherd off the the various fields of work. Then in the evening at 5 o clock they were dismissed in the field, and they made their way home.
    Its not just Mt Wilton that I am familiar with, but many of the other plantations in neighbouring St Joseph.
    Little Island in St Joseph was a village a few hundred feet to the east of Castle Grant great house, ask any of those who lived there what interaction that they had outside of the field, with children and people from the great house, bearing in mind than many of them, were related to the great house children.
    Do not try to modify history, to make your lot appear as benevolent saints.

  30. Colonel Buggy Avatar

    It is really sad to know that few if any of future generations will ever experience the bliss of knowing that regardless of colour, each person in the community that was the Plantation had the other’s back.
    ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
    @John ,the Martian. Cause you can’t be talking about the same Barbados which I grew up in. But I do recall a little boy, no more than 7 or 8 years old , whose cap fell off his head on his way to school with some of the other boys from the village, he ‘ordered ‘ one of them to pick up his cap, which he bluntly refused to do. That boy turned and said, “You wait till later, I gonna run you down with my horse.” The old Barbados barefoot , Militia mentality. And you call this interaction.


  31. @ Colonel B
    Do not try to modify history, to make your lot appear as benevolent saints.
    ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    But that is John’s raison d’être Boss…..
    What the hell else would you expect of him….?

    According to John’s gospel according to the Quakers, we blacks ought to be thankful to have been enslaved by his kin. They loved us dearly and mixed quite liberally with our fore-parents
    … (ie. they beat, chained and lynched the men … and f*%$^% the women.)

    The resulting mixture, a combination of his albino stock and the more subservient among the blacks, have evolved into the lotta brass bowls Bajans we now have … as typified by Froon and his band of bribe-taking, lackies.

    Somehow, John wants us to be grateful……
    LOL
    Bushie tell wunna that his mother really intended him to be called ‘Johnny’…..


  32. Colonel, for a commissioned officer just few years removed from a General rank you surprise de shite outta me. Didn’t you ensure that your men “experience the bliss of knowing that regardless of colour, each person in the community that was the [SQUAD] had the other’s back.”

    That order from the young officer was precise and along the lines of the expected authority. That youngster lucky as hell that he didn’t get send to the brig along with getting run down wid de horse when he got back to base from school that evening.

    This John fella is just telling us as it is . The White folks saw that everything was as it should be. They were the officers in charge. The Black folk were happy as shite wid dey lot in life as the soldiers, according to him.

    Didn’t their God say all was good that they should seek salvation in the kingdom to come?

    A good BushTea drink on de plantation would purge his ass perfectly. He is a Backra-Johnny not a regular Johnny.


  33. Colonel

    The difference between the two of us is that I actually grew up in a plantation yard and experienced all that was on offer at the time!!!

    In your and my era children from outside would not have been allowed in the yard, it was a workplace and dangerous.

    That’s why the best you can do is a story about what happened one day on the way to school!!

    In the days of slavery you would not have gone to school.

    You would have grown up like me in the plantation yard and wondering its fields and secret places.

    We might have both picked pond grass under the supervision of an older more experienced slave.

    You and I would have had access to people of all ages, slave and free who had been exposed to all sorts of experiences.

    You missed out.

    I got some of it, you got little if any.

    You can read Hoad if you want to discover what it is you missed out on.

    VH has part of your problem too … he/she has to rely on stories Karl Watson told to relate to what it was like growing up among black people!!

    His parents must have sent him/her over and away to boarding school so my guess is he/she can’t even muster a one day on the way to school story like you can.

    … and Karl, as he freely admits, did not grow up on a plantation so he won’t know the half of what Hoad speaks of just as you don’t know.

    …. and BT, our gratitude should be directed to those who did God’s will and got rid of the institution of slavery …. and … of course to God.

    If you can’t figure that one out I can’t help you except to encourage you to try…. but if you want to find out about those mysterious white people meetings ….. just ask (or wait for me to get around to it) ……. I’ll let you into their secret!!


  34. And then came the idiot Tea, referring to himself in the third person and sounding like a particularly obnoxious schoolteacher who’s spent too much time with small minds and not nearly enough time reading actual books.

    Here’s the idiot, telling us what he can’t get over:

    “Bushie still cannot get over the (apparently serious) argument that in the absence of a law to the contrary, slavery was a perfectly normal aspect of life…for which no regrets, remorse or reparations are due…. albinos … albinos … albinos”.

    Let’s get this straight. Not one single person in France or Portugal or the United Kingdom feels the slightest, most microscopic sense of guilt for the Atlantic slave trade. Not the tiniest shred of remorse. And they shouldn’t. They bear no guilt, and only a moron would dare to suggest that they should. The little white girl who was born this afternoon to a working class family in Tower Hamlets will have precisely ZERO guilt in African slavery. Her parents, too.

    Absolutely NOBODY is authorized to make an apology on her behalf, since she is guilty of nothing and owes nobody an apology.

    Her non-guilt is not something that she has to deal with. It is something that has to be dealt with by self-dramatizing idiots who refer to themselves in the third person.

    So do yourself a solid. Grow up and deal with it.


  35. By the way, John, you’re an idiot too. Barbados seems to be spectacularly gifted in manufacturing morons who cling to their wholly fictional and invisible guy in the sky.


  36. Lunchtime Lecture Series 2012 presented by Mr. Trevor Marshall. Hosted by The University of the West Indies, Open Campus in Collaboration The Central Bank of Barbados.


  37. And this idiot Tea, seriously, this is the shepherd who’ll guide us all to his cretinous End Times with a laugh-out-loud 10-point plan?

    Check it out:

    https://barbadosunderground.wordpress.com/2014/01/03/barbados-underground-10-point-plan-for-new-governance/

  38. Colonel Buggy Avatar

    Or how about the lady who for many years worked at a particular plantation along with some of her sons, whose daughter was pregnant, and as was the custom , needed a diet if fresh milk during her pregnancy. The mother approached the owner who kept a number of cows , and was rejected in no uncertain terms, with the biting words. ” My dogs are breeding, too, I need the milk for them.” This to the people who had work made these bastards rich , to the point where they bought race horses from England,drove around the plantation in a buggy, at the end of which a fully attired butler awaited them under the evergreen tree with ice laced lemonade and english scones. And the list of kick – arse goes on.


  39.  

    The Guyana Story

    (From Earliest Times to Independence)

    By Dr. Odeen Ishmael

    © 2005 – Odeen Ishmael

    Homepage || GNI Publications || News || History of Guyana

    The Guyana Story is a collection of short essays which attempt to relate the story of the Guyanese people in a generally chronological order. It is obvious that not all the details of the periods described are included, but the aim of the author is to build an awareness among young Guyanese in particular, of the rich heritage of the people of Guyana.

    It is hoped, too, that The Guyana Story will encourage readers to do further research into various aspects of Guyanese history. By knowing about our past, we will be in a better position to understand and appreciate the present.

    Revised in September 2013

    Read also The Trail Of Diplomacy by Dr. Odeen Ishmael:

    CONTENTS (Each link below opens in a new window)

    1. The Early Amerindian Settlements

    2. The Later Amerindian Settlements

    3. Main Amerindian Groups up to the Nineteenth Century

    4. The fate of other Amerindian Groups

    5. The arrival of Europeans in the Guyana Region

    6. Raleigh’s first expedition to Guyana

    7. Raleigh’s second expedition to Guyana

    8. Early Dutch exploration

    9. Early Dutch Settlements

    10. The Dutch West India Company

    11. Treaty of Munster

    12. The beginning of the Colony of Berbice

    13. A new charter for Berbice

    14. Extent of Dutch Settlement

    15. Invasions of Guyana (1665-1712)

    16. The Berbice – Suriname Boundary

    17. Dutch progress

    18. The arrival of Laurens Storm Van Gravesande

    19. Dutch progress in Mazaruni and Cuyuni

    20. Plans by Spain and Portugal against the Dutch

    21. Spanish raids on Dutch Territory (1758-1768)

    22. Further problems with the Spaniards

    23. Religion among the Dutch in Guyana

    24. Establishment of Demerara

    25. The Slave Trade

    26. Slavery on the Plantation

    27. The work on the Plantation

    28. Religion of the Slaves

    29. Dutch control of Essequibo

    30. The Beginning of the Berbice Slave Rebellion

    31. The Collapse of the Rebellion

    32. Spanish Ideas of a Western Frontier

    33. Guyana under British, French and Dutch (1781-1783)

    34. From Dutch to British hands (1783-1803)

    35. Berbice at the end of the Eighteenth Century

    36. Growth of Georgetown

    37. The Beginning of British Guiana

    38. Control of Essequibo after 1750

    39. Early British Administrative Reforms

    40. Amerindian Loyalty to the British

    41. The Anti-Slavery movement in British Guiana

    42. Rumors of freedom

    43. The Demerara Slave uprising

    44. The end of Slavery

    45. Damon and the Essequibo Rebellion

    46. The apprenticeship period

    47. The arrival of the Portuguese

    48. Consequences of the labour shortage

    49. West Indian and African migration to Guyana

    50. The arrival of the East Indians

    51. New Indian Immigration after 1845

    52. The beginning of the Guyana-Venezuela border dispute

    53. The Guyana-Suriname Border (1831-1899)

    54. The Village Movement

    55. The Arrival of the Chinese

    56. The Chinese on the Plantations

    57. The Work of O Tye Kim

    58. The “Angel Gabriel” riots of 1856

    59. The growth of education before 1840

    60. Expansion of Public Education (1844-1876)

    61. The Development of the Creolese Language

    62. Hardships Faced by the Indians

    63. The Des Voeux Letter

    64. Riot at Devonshire Castle

    65. Indian Settlements

    66. The Cent Bread Riots

    67. Development of Local Government

    68. Resistance to Taxation at Friendship

    69. Building the sea defence and drainage system

    70. Central Government

    71. The Surveys of Brown and Sawkins

    72. Further Claims by Venezuela (1876-1890)

    73. The early period of road and railway transport

    74. Establishment of a money system

    75. The beginning of the gold industry

    76. The Growth of Georgetown

    77. Early Administration of New Amsterdam

    78. The beginning of the Rice industry

    79. The Immigration of Ordinance of 1891

    80. Political changes (1891-1917)

    81. Indian Settlements

    82. Early education of Indians

    83. Efforts of Christian Churches to convert Indians

    84. American intervention in the Guyana – Venezuela Border dispute

    85. Arbitration agreement between Guyana and Venezuela

    86. The Arbritral Award

    87. Marking the Guyana – Venezuela Boundary

    88. The Guyana – Suriname Boundary (1840-1926)

    89. Disturbances at Plantation Friends

    90. Sugar Workers’ strikes in 1905

    91. The 1905 Riots

    92. Labour unrest (1906-1910)

    93. The Lusignan Riot in 1912)

    94. The Rose Hall disturbances in 1913?

    95. Workers’ protests in 1917

    96. Hubert Nathaniel Critchlow: The early years

    97. Critchlow in the workers’ struggle

    98. Gandhi and the immigration proposals

    99. Continuing efforts to revive Indian immigration

    100. The Ruimveldt shooting in 1924

    101. The start of the Bauxite Industry

    102. The boundary with Suriname: The tri-junction point

    103. The boundary with Suriname: The draft treaty

    104. The maritime boundary with Suriname

    105. New Constitution of 1928

    106. The beginning of the MPCA

    107. The Leonora disturbances

    108. The Moyne Commission

    109. The Early Years Of Aviation

    110. The World’s Most Famous Stamp

    111. Guyana during the second World War

    112. The Bookers Empire

    113. Dr. Giglioli and the fight against malaria

    114. Constitutional changes (1941-1947)

    115. Cheddi Jagan’s entry into politics

    116. The political affairs committee

    117. The PAC and the 1947 Elections

    118. The formation of the GIWU

    119. The Enmore Martyrs

    120. The Venn Commission

    121. Some events of 1947-1949

    122. The Establishment of the PPP

    123. Appointment of the Waddington Commission

    124. The Report of the Waddington Commission

    125. The PPP in 1951-1952

    126. The Dunce Motion

    127. The Election campaign in 1953

    128. The General Election of 1953

    129. The PPP Government of 1953

    130. The overthrow of the PPP Government in 1953

    131. The British "CASE" for suspending the Constitution

    132. The PPP rebuttal of the British Accusations

    133. American involvement in Guyana in 1953

    134. Visit by Jagan and Burnham to England and India — 1953

    135. Establishment of the Interim Government

    136. The split in the TUC

    137. The Robertson Commission

    138. Repression against the PPP – 1953-1955

    139. The split in the PPP

    140. The aftermath of the split

    141. The all-party conferences

    142. Failure of the interim government

    143. The shooting at Skeldon, 1957

    144. The "Ultra – Leftist" split – 1956

    145. The 1957 General Election

    146. The programme of the new PPP Government

    147. The Constitutional Committee, 1958

    148. The organisation of the PNC

    149. Establishment of The United Force

    150. Economic and Social Issues (1958-61)

    151. The Constitutional Conference (1960)

    152. Political developments in 1959-60

    153. The elections in 1961

    154. Brewing anti-PPP challenges in 1961

    155. The Jagan – Kennedy meeting

    156. The 1962 Budget

    157. Street protests by the opposition

    158. The Disturbances

    159. The Wynn-Parry Commission

    160. The Constitutional Conference in 1962

    161. Attempts to reach a political solution in 1963

    162. The 80-day strike

    163. Anti-Government violence in 1963

    164. The Constitutional conference in 1963

    165. Protests against The Sandys’ "Formula"

    166. Economic and social development in 1963

    167. Establishment of the University of Guyana

    168. Renewal of Venezuelan claim to Essequibo

    169. The outbreak of racial disturbances in 1964

    170. The escalation of the racial disturbances

    171. Mediation by Ghana and Trinidad in 1964

    172. Jagan’s coalition proposals

    173. Betrayal by the British Labour Party Government

    174. The 1964 election campaign

    175. The December 1964 election

    176. The PNC-UF coalition Government in control

    177. The ICJ mission

    178. Emergency rule in 1965

    179. The 1965 Independence Conference

    180. Government – opposition discussions on the border issue

    181. The Geneva Agreement

    182. Independence granted to Guyana

  40. Colonel Buggy Avatar

    A gift for John
    http://i.imgur.com/l0vHzRC.jpg?1


  41. @ John
    …. and BT, our gratitude should be directed to those who did God’s will and got rid of the institution of slavery …. and … of course to God.
    +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
    So you are suggesting that a chap who is set upon by a mob, and beaten up for a long time, should direct gratitude to whatever led his attacker to stop …rather than condemn the assault in the first place?
    ….You are saying that rather than cuss the mob in general, Bushie should single out the one or two mobsters who suggested that they stop bussing Bushie’s tail because they were all getting tired anyway, …Bushie was broke and nearly dead ….and the police were coming….?

    You REALLY need to wear some other shoes when doing your research skipper…

  42. Colonel Buggy Avatar

    John May 11, 2016 at 2:45 PM #
    Colonel

    We might have both picked pond grass under the supervision of an older more experienced slave.
    ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
    Somehow John I believe that you find pleasure in gloating over the misfortunes of black people. This is my last reply to you. Roger and Out.
    We do not have to go all the way back to the days of slavery to pick pond grass. Your so- called interaction between the plantation and the workers, made sure that many of the workers’ children, as young as 3/4 years old , up to late 19 50’s / early sixties were denied an early primary education, and had to work,in what was known as the Third Class, in the hot sun picking pond grass in the cane fields, for maybe 1 Penny per week. This I saw on my way to primary school,and certainly you have seen it to, but you prefer to paint a picture that this was only done during the days of slavery, when you mentioned it was done under the supervision of an older experienced slave. In the 1950’s /60’s this was done under the supervision of heartless stern older woman , many of whom had no children of their own, and who wielded a long whip, and was not stingy to use it on the backsides of these poor children.
    Some of these children, now into their 70’s/80’s/ and 90’s , having gone through life , robbed of the most basic of education, while the plantation children bedecked in their splendid uniforms, compliments of the house servants,were chauffer driven to the prestigious , which our people today are so proud of.
    Some interaction.


  43. I see that John is still shoveling and spreading his brand of bull dung.

  44. Colonel Buggy Avatar

    That last post should have read “……..were chauffeur driven to the prestigious schools,”


  45. @David

    Re Nigeria
    Politics in Nigeria could be brutal this latest bit have the social network in Nigeria aflame as one Nigerian acquaintance recently explained. Former President Obasanjo donated a Chimp to a Wildlife Sanctuary, Obasanjo and Goodluck Jonathan (also an Ex President) don’t get along and Obasanjo named the Chimp Patience.

    Guess the name of Goodluck Jonathan’s wife?


  46. John’s nostalgic rendering of those bygone days in the Plantation Yard, where everyone was happy and he played with the piccaninnies should be transcribed into a book.

    I already have a title “Sambo of the Cane fields”


  47. Wait! Are you people still here reading John’s shiite?

  48. de pedantic Dribbler Avatar
    de pedantic Dribbler

    @Donna, John’s sh*** is important for the soul and mind. A key reminder. We should digest his words well

    We work daily with John’s. We smile and talk about family in regular little interactions and diligently work on projects to make the operations successful. That John is alright.

    But this John here reminds us exactly how much of a Johnny (to echo the Bush man) our work John really might be still after all these long years.


  49. I offered to show Trevor Marshall the evidence of Quaker Burials in Barbados but he respectfully declined my offer when he heard he might have to go in a vault hewn in the side of a quarry.

    He claimed to be scared of white people duppies!!

    … so … he never got to see the evidence!!

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