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Dr Marsha Atherley-Ikechi, CEO, Fair Trading Commission

In the early 2000s the Barbados government took the decision as a member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) mandate to liberalize our telecommunication sector. For many years Cable and Wireless was the single telecom player licensed to provide services in Barbados. Cable and Wireless was the classic monopoly and raked in millions if not billions in profits since its establishment in the 19th century.

With the liberalization of the sector there was high expectation from the public that with fair competition, supported by the creation of a regulator and relevant legislation there was a new dawn. The late Prime Minister Owen Arthur as lead HoG for CSME matters was quoted in 1998 as saying – “Mr. Speaker, one of the areas of gravest deficiencies in our economic affairs is the set of arrangements in place for regulating the affairs of public utilities, and monopolies and protecting the interest of consumers and producers who have to relate to such monopolies“. It is fair to opine that nearly twenty five years later, Barbados telecoms players have NOT been able to satisfactorily monitor service standards, respond to customer complaints or guarantee affordable rates among other promises.

On a daily basis Barbadians have to complain about poor service meted out by FLOW– the latest iteration of Cable and Wireless- not to forget the other public utilities, Barbados Light & Power (BL&P), Digicel and Barbados Water Authority (BWA). In the mind of the blogmaster the inability of successive governments and regulators to expertly intervene in the domestic market to ensure optimal efficiency and effectiveness in our utilities space continues to be a concern. It should be obvious to policymakers that a fit for purpose infrastructure for our utilities to operate is a necessary plank to nurture social and economic development.

In recent weeks FLOW took a decision to increase the cost of home internet plans by about $5.00 for many customers. It also took another decision to discontinue the rollover minutes feature on some if not all plans – FLOW then increased data allotments to customers affected as a way of stemming concerns at the change in benefits. From all reports the product changes were not fairly disclosed to Barbadians. There has been no commentary from local media players to highlight the money grab policy by FLOW. Importantly, there has been no censure coming from government and the Fair Trading Commission (FTC). Ironically Prime Minister Mottley was in the news a couple weeks ago congratulating FLOW on the launch of JUMP, an initiative to deliver affordable broadband to low income households. The script from the FTC is that some telcoms services are not regulated.

In a related matter a rate request submitted by Barbados Light and Power has been mired in process and bureaucratic wrangling approaching almost one year. However, it has not escaped sensible Barbadians the FTC was surprisingly quick to approve an interim rate relief application at 50% of BL&P’s rate request. The supine approach to the job by local regulators ensure Barbadians will continue to be ‘chafed’ by the system.

The hard fact is that the buck stops with government to ensure relevant laws are on the statute books and to establish regulatory agencies able to deliver on mandates without hindrance. Government’s role is crucial given the lack of active consumer agencies in the country.

Now we know why so many opt to be cynical. Is there good reason to keep hope alive?


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39 responses to “FLOW, BL&P, Digicel, BWA not being properly regulated by government and FTC”


  1. Yes readers, I too have been caught in this dastardly “upgrade” scam by FLOW. Without warning, my bill was increased, requiring a trip to Walmer Lodge for clarification. This was necessary as the WhatsApp helpline is a verbal kaleidoscope of mixed messaging, long waits, and conflicting information. The result of this visit is that my package no longer has rollover minutes for data that is grossly overloaded, with data that cannot be consumed by me and my family, even if we logged on for twenty-four hours a day for an entire month. Adjusting the package downward would cause us to lose an immense amount of data, television channels, and up/download speed, with only a minor reduction in cost. Very cleverly manipulated by FLOW. This package came with a promise of the availability of television channels on mobile data that is yet to materialize after three years of promises.

    And don’t start me on the twelve bundled religious channels and just as many dedicated to sport, which are of no interest to me, but MUST be included and paid for by the consumer. This reminds me of the days in the past when street vendors in Busby’s Alley had to be legislated against for requiring purchases of yams to buy potatoes or tomatoes.

    If our various governments are unable to manage a simple thing like ZR regulation and adherence, how can we reasonably expect them to regulate telecommunication, water, and electricity? Our new motto should be “Little results make many hands unnecessary”!


  2. FearPlay has said it all.
    The only thing that Bushie would add is that what we should do is to highlight those complicit INDIVIDUALS who accept positions on these various commissions, for a little stipend, when they KNOW that they are totally incompetent and clueless. And even if they have a clue, they have NOT the balls needed to defend citizens against these international pirates.

    Who are these commissioners?
    What are their competencies?
    What have they ever done successfully?
    ….or are they chosen to be rubber stamps?

    How can a utility just decide to increase base rates without a Rate Hearing?
    Is there not a Law that requires this?
    Or are our Laws just there to impress the IMF that we punch above our level of competency?

    Steupssss!!


  3. Our People
    The appointed Chairman and Commissioners of the FTC are drawn from various sectors of business. It is these Commissioners who make decisions on applications, issue orders, initiate prosecution if necessary and create policy.

    Mrs. Tammy Bryan
    Chairman
    Dr. Donley Carrington
    Deputy Chairman
    Mr. Roger Barrow
    Commissioner
    Mr. Jermaine Beckford
    Commissioner
    Dr. Simon Naitram
    Commissioner
    Mr. John Griffith
    Commissioner
    Ms. Ruan Martinez
    Commissioner
    Ms. Jennivieve Maynard
    Commissioner
    Ms. Sukeena Maynard
    Commissioner
    Mr. Samuel Wallerson
    Commissioner


  4. Most start from the beginning and work forward. Not liking the final answer, the go back to the beginning and start to work forward again.

    Well I am going to give you the final answer. Work backwards and see how it all fits perfectly.

    The foundation of every proposal is to shift money from one pocket (yours) to a next.

    You can go along with the old talk, long talk and fancy dialogue but accept this. It is all a scam.

    Don’t get caught up with numbers, committees, digitization, etc… Someone will get rich, not you; you will get scammed.

    That’s all you are. You are an easy mark, a victim, prey and a purse for some. There will be no recovery until you accept that fact. You are a con man’s delight


  5. Most start from the beginning and work forward. Not liking the final answer, they go back to the beginning and start to work forward again.

    Well I am going to give you the final answer. Work backwards and see how it all fits perfectly.

    The foundation of every proposal is to shift money from one pocket (yours) to a next.

    You can go along with the old talk, long talk and fancy dialogue but accept this. It is all a scam.

    Don’t get caught up with numbers, committees, digitization, etc… Someone will get rich, not you; you will get scammed.

    That’s all you are. You are an easy mark, a victim, prey and a purse for some. There will be no recovery until you accept that fact. You are a con man’s delight


  6. How can you writ-off billions and then act like you my win the lottery when the IMF gives you a few millions.

    The maths does not add up. A big tipper with mauby pockets.


  7. @FearPlay

    The other thing you might have picked up is that MyFlow’s self care app features do not work as advertised, the FTC should have a say as far as truth in promotion is concerned.


  8. “In recent weeks FLOW took a decision to increase the cost of home internet plans by about $5.00 for many customers. It also took another decision to discontinue the rollover minutes feature on some if not all plans – FLOW then increased data allotments to customers affected as a way of stemming concerns at the change in benefits. From all reports the product changes were not fairly disclosed to Barbadians.”

    @ David

    To be fair, FTC only responsible for regulating LAND LINE telephone services…… not Internet or mobile services.

    The Minister has to formulate the relevant legislation authorising the Commission to regulate those services.

    Also, if you were to thoroughly read the service agreement between FLOW and the customer, therein is a clause indicating FLOW can ‘arbitrarily’ raise its mobile or Internet rates, without prior notice, something which the customer ‘inadvertently’ agrees to, when he/she signs the contract.

    As it relates to the ‘roll over minutes,’ you may be aware that FLOW mobile customers can switch to Digicel, while retaining their number.
    I understand that, under those circumstances, minutes from FLOW will not be ‘rolled over’ to Digicel.


  9. @Artax

    The blogmaster is well aware what the mice print says. The thrust of the article is not meant to be fair to FLOW, it is to ask the authorities to represent the consumer fairly. While FLOW can arbitrarily raise mobile and internet rates telecoms have an obligation to adequately disclose charges made to customers. Do we still have landlines? Aren’t landlines dependent on broadband service?


  10. @ David

    As I have mentioned on several occasions, I believe what Barbados also needs is a vibrant consumer organisation that is free of any political association.

    Recall Malcolm Gibbs-Taitt was a regular caller to the ‘call in programmes’ and his consumer body was viewed as being pro BLP.
    A DLP affiliated consumer body was subsequently formed, but, as is said in Bajan parlance, it ‘died a sudden death.’


  11. @Artax

    You mean the one promoted by Maureen Holder?


  12. “The thrust of the article is not meant to be fair to FLOW……”

    @ David

    I never mentioned anything to suggest you, or anyone, SHOULD be FAIR to FLOW.

    All I am ‘saying’ is that, although I agree “telecoms have an obligation to adequately disclose charges made to customers,” their argument is they don’t have to, because customers agreed to those terms when they signed the service agreements.

    Therein lies, ‘for want of a better phrase,’ the ‘legal technicality.’

    The FTC Act stipulates there shouldn’t be any imbalances between the service provider and customer.

    The Commission cannot act beyond its scope of authority.

    Ask yourself why successive political administrations/Ministers have not formulated the relevant legislation to widen FTC’s scope.

    “Drawbacks?”


  13. @ David

    Yes.

    Maureen used to promote it when she was a call-in programme moderator.

    I think she had members of its hierarchy as guests on CBC’s ‘Talk yuh Talk.’


  14. $39.55 per month

    We said we’d upgrade your service, and we did! Here’s how:
    WE UPGRADED YOUR DATA BUCKET.

    You now have Freedom & Nationwide Data to use across Canada, at no additional cost!* This is one of the latest ways we continue to drive affordability for Canadians. Don’t forget to make sure Nationwide is enabled in your phone settings and MyAccount.


  15. Maybe it is competition that makes companies in Canada work for market share to the benefit of the consumer.


  16. wight people band

    More Kadooment


  17. @Artax

    This is the point. Why are all of our regulators designed to be supine.


  18. David, although Barbados has the relevant regulatory systems, more often than not, we operate in a ‘sporty environment.’ The former CEO of the Financial Services Commision is employed in an executive position at an insurance company, he was responsible for regulating. Government financial management systems in place, yet every year the Auditor General highlights non-compliant SOEs, government and quasi departments. It seems to be a ‘monumental task’ for NHC, BRA and NIS to collect rent, taxes and NIS contributions respectively.


  19. You have an error with the FTC list???
    Did the chairman not step down after social media allegations that the person was actually an Emera contracted employee?
    Did the deputy not take over?


  20. …or maybe it is that the Law in Canada actually MEANS something.
    In a banana republic, why would a company bother to compete for customer patronage – when they can gang up with the regulators and the authorities to fleece their donkeys?


  21. David, I realise we are quick to discuss socio-political issues in Canada, Europe, UK, USA etc. However, are you aware of some very developments occurring in the African countries of Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso? If so, are you going to present an article to initiate a discussion?


  22. @Bush Tea

    That decision affected current rate review case only?


  23. @Artax

    The average Barbadian is blissfully unaware of news occurring in Africa.

  24. ☀️ and ⛈️ (Sunshine and Rain) Avatar
    ☀️ and ⛈️ (Sunshine and Rain)

    “The average Barbadian is blissfully unaware of news occurring in Africa.”

    Here’s a deeper question to ponder pon for the “average” Barbadian in the vicinity of the http://www.world.wide.web.net

    Is the typical African Barbadian who always moans and groans about the state of Barbados positive or negative, spreading good or bad vibrations?

    It reminds me of
    ☀️ and ⛈️
    Bob Marley Wisdom
    “Some people feel the rain others just get wet”
    “When the morning gathers the rainbow. Want you to know I’m a rainbow too. So to the rescue, here I am.”
    “Sun is shining, the weather is sweet. Make you want to move your dancing feet. To the rescue, here I am. Want you to know, you all, where I stand”

  25. Yolande Grant - African Online Publishing Copyright (c) 2023. All Rights Reserved. Avatar
    Yolande Grant – African Online Publishing Copyright (c) 2023. All Rights Reserved.

    Short answer:

    Barbados was created out of negative energy…maintained as negative energy by the ignorant, mis and undereducated for the last hundred years…and that’s exactly how it will end, if not REDEFINED..


  26. Apart hide in plain sight at the front leading the 90%

    Blue vex

    Only in babadus eh


  27. canada no better maybe worse,among highest cell and internet rates on the planet,lots of gobbleyspeak from elected officials,our federal cabinet completely inept,no experience in their allotted positions.it goes on and on.sad


  28. @Bush Tea
    That decision affected current rate review case only?
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    So let us understand this…
    The substantive chairman thought it prudent to step away from the Rate Hearing Commission, as a result of strong social media accusations that she effectively was an ‘Emera agent’ through her legal firm…

    HOWEVER, no one sees any problem with her continuing as FTC chair and overseeing ALL kinds of regulatory matters requiring ‘independent’ decisions that take PUBLIC interest seriously vs Emera’s?

    Who the Hell appoints these people to these positions?
    …and what ETHICAL underpinning is at play here..?

    Shiite!! no wonder the various NIS Boards have been such embarrassing jokers. But this seems to be the PLAN…
    NOTE THAT THESE jokers CONTINUE TO ENJOY great official confidence…
    That we could support Stinkliar for a top UN post should tell us EVERYTHING…

  29. Quantum Entanglement Avatar
    Quantum Entanglement

    “average Barbadian is blissfully unaware of news occurring in Africa”

    perhaps there is a gap in the market to provide a brief intro to current events from a different perspective to western media..
    .. the current Barbados leader is BFF with Macron, who’s post colonial interests in Africa has been threatened in Niger and there are rumours that he is is rounding up a French-backed invasion force with West African countries to fight against the military coup..
    France’s intelligence / spies predictions were unaware of any military coup in Niger but were aware and predicted the recent military coup attempted in Russia (perhaps it was inside knowledge).
    Niger supplies 10% of the Uranium for France’s nuclear reactors.


  30. @Bush Tea

    Chair Tammy is a partner in George Walton’s chamber where AG Marshall was a partner as well?


  31. Well Well Well
    This is what must be termed institutionalized wickedness…


  32. BL&P rate hearing to resume
    Round two of the Barbados Light & Power Company Limited’s (BL& P) quest for a permanent electricity rate hike will take place next week.
    The Fair Trading Commission (FTC) has announced that its hearing of BL& P’s motion to review the February 15 decision on the tariff increase application will be held from August 28 to 30 at the Lloyd Erskine Sandiford Centre.
    This will see BL& P representatives facing off once more against intervenors opposed to its rate increase application.
    FTC general legal counsel and Commission Secretary Kevin K. D. Webster said in a brief notice: “The Motion for review and variation filed by the Barbados Light and Power Company Limited on March 7th. . . will be heard in person by way of an oral hearing during a continuous period of three business days, which will commence on Monday, August 28, 2023, and conclude on Wednesday, August 30, 2023, from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. daily at the Lloyd Erskine Sandiford Centre.
    “Parties to the proceeding will be given an opportunity to make oral submissions on the motion,” he added.
    Following the FTC decision in February, BL& P had argued that the ruling could negatively impact plans to modernise this country’s electrical grid.
    Manager of regulatory affairs, Adrian Carter, said this was because the reduction in the rate of return, combined with the other related decisions issued by the FTC, would substantially reduce the tariff increase applied for.
    “The stability of the electricity grid continues to be impacted by the current high level of renewable energy penetration, while Government’s policy targets of 100 per cent renewable energy (RE) generation by 2030 will add even higher penetrations,” the BL& P official said in March.
    “The grid will not be able to support these high levels of renewable generation unless the utility is allowed to obtain the financial resources to invest in the critical infrastructure to support a reliable grid.”
    In May, the FTC announced it granted BL& P a stay on some key aspects of its rate application ruling as it reviewed the utility company’s motion to review and vary the decision.
    “The commission in rendering its decision has determined that Paragraphs 400, 401, 404, 405 and 407 of its decision are stayed until the determination of the applicant’s notice of motion to review and vary the aforementioned decision, or until further order of the commission,” the FTC said.
    (SC)

    Source: Nation


  33. What does this statement mean?

    BL&P: Ready to act

    The Barbados Light and Power is reporting readiness in anticipation of Barbados’ brush with Tropical Storm Tammy.

    During a virtual press conference hosted by the utility company yesterday, Director of Operations, Johann Greaves, said they have activated their response plans to deal with any outages caused by the weather system. He also told members of the media he did not anticipate a manual shutdown of the grid as the current strength of the system did not necessitate the triggering of this failsafe.

    “We have activated all of our response plans and procedures to prepare for the response to any impacts that we may have over the next few hours to days. At this point in time, all of our teams have been fully briefed and then they have already started to pre-position a number of items that we would normally use in our response following the impact of any system,” Greaves explained.

    However, he reminded Barbadians there could be power restoration challenges if there was an islandwide outage due to the “instability” that photovoltaic systems bring to the grid.

    “If we are coming back from a total shutdown of the grid, because of the PV systems out there, it will take us a bit longer to bring the system back up. Hopefully we do not have any outages to the extent where you have the entire grid shutting down.

    “If we have a few pockets that are out, then those renewable energy systems will have less of an impact in terms of the speed that we can respond. Our ability to respond will also depend on what the conditions are, whether there are downed poles or trees to be cleared so that roads can be passable. There is no one-size-fits-all in any response effort,” Greaves explained.

    Also present at the press conference, Managing Director of BL& P Roger Blackman, disclosed there was still a challenge with getting other utility companies to migrate their wires from old poles to new ones. He said this was a problem that was publicly raised in the aftermath of Hurricane Elsa in 2021, but thus far progress had been slow.

    “We have 72 000 poles on our system and the last system of note would have been Elsa and on that occasion a small percentage of our poles would have been affected. We do realise that on occasion there are situations where we would have put new poles in but the telecoms lines remain on the old poles,” Blackman said.

    “It is still a challenge that we are working with and as recently as this week we have had a discussion internally on how best to approach this. There are some that are more critical than others and what we are seeking to do in our next communication to the telecoms companies is point them to the ones that they should target first,” he said. (CLM)

    Source: Nation


  34. Bizzy: Full grid not BL&P’s fault

    By Josué Ramiréz Nelson

    Don’t blame the Barbados Light & Power Company!

    Business magnate, the Most Honourable Ralph “Bizzy” Williams believes that more utility work is desperately needed for the country to meet its set renewable energy goals, and does not believe Barbados’ largest utility company is to blame for the country possibly not meeting its renewable energy goals by 2030.

    In an interview with the Sunday Sun yesterday, the veteran businessman responded to the recent development that the Barbados Light & Power (BL& P) electrical grid was mere months away from exceeding its photovoltaic capacity, even as the country tries to become 100 per cent carbon neutral within the next seven years.

    Expected since 2016

    Williams, who has been a leading light in renewable energy generation in Barbados, said he expected this to happen since 2016.

    “We knew that the correct way to stop it from happening is to embrace the utility work, to enable the utility to install storage. And for the utility to be financed and install storage the company would have to be given a long-enough contract to be able to recover the cost of installing the storage over 20 or 25 years. The utilities contract has not been extended so that is basically it, in my opinion,” said Williams.

    In a recent address made by BL& P on October 25, the company revealed an application to the Fair Trading Commission under the Clean Energy Transition Rider to recoup $600 million in investments in batteries and other crucial technologies required over the next five to seven years.

    Potential for backlog

    In that address, managing director Roger Blackman disclosed that the grid had reached 89 megawatts of the 100MWs it could currently accommodate. As a result, there has been a slowing of renewable energy connections to the grid, creating the potential for the backlog in the system.

    Williams, who has previously supported the capabilities of the company’s utility, maintains that BL& P was not responsible for the position the country is in.

    “There are lots of people who will disagree with me, who get on the call-in programme every day and scream about the utility being terrible. Well it is the best utility, in my opinion, in the entire Caribbean and they are quite capable of doing what is necessary for Barbados to move completely towards 100 per cent renewable technology”.

    Pay for carbon credits

    He once more echoed a long-standing belief that as the country pursued its goal to become dependent on renewable energy, first-world countries ought to pay for carbon credits to assist the countries affected by pollution in the financing of storage installation.

    “I am a very strong believer that the industrial countries of the world that are polluting the atmosphere and causing the demise of millions of people in the sand-belt of the world and the south should compensate for the damage that they are doing to us. I believe that there should be a worldwide small carbon tax, so whoever is emitting carbon into the atmosphere, including the drivers of big powerful SUVs in Barbados and so on should take a small carbon tax and that carbon tax money should be used to buy carbon credits from the countries that are installing storage,” he concluded.

    Source: Nation


  35. Bizzy’s idea of a ‘good’ business arrangement is where he gets to sit back and collect millions of profits at the expense of taxpayers, by negotiating questionable deals with his political friends – whose campaign funds he provides.
    He actually said in public that he funds both sides, in order to hedge his bets.
    His Desal Plant that collected millions in rates for water that was NOT provided to BWA is legendary stuff, and his proposal for a Waste to Energy plant will see ordinary Bajans actually FUNDING his profits via higher BL&P rates.

    It is also interesting that Bizzy saw the PV quagmire coming ’since 2016′. Is that why he rushed to grab as much of the available capacity for himself as he did?
    Did he consider a FAIR allocation of the PV opportunities for others?
    What a place!!
    What a curse!!


  36. @Bush Tea

    Bizzy never denied it. He was the one who talked about his support for PIP?


  37. BL&P PROFITS

    Power company makes millions from interim rate increase

    By Shawn Cumberbatch shawncumberbatch@nationnews.com

    The interim electricity rate increase Barbadians have been paying Barbados Light & Power Company Limited (BL& P) for more than a year has contributed to millions of dollars in increased profits for its Canadian parent Emera Incorporated.

    With a Fair Trading Commission (FTC) decision on BL& P’s motion to review and vary the Commission’s February 15, 2023 electricity rate increase application ruling expected shortly, Emera said in its financial report for the third quarter ended September 30 that “contributions from our Caribbean utilities increased modestly during the quarter, primarily driven by the impact of interim rates at Barbados Light & Power”.

    Emera said the interim rate increase local consumers paid BL& P was about $2 million each month.

    The North American company also said “absent the impact of the Grand Bahama Power Company Limited impairment charge in quarter four 2022, other electric utilities’ United States dollar earnings in 2023 are expected to increase over the prior year primarily as a result of higher earnings due to higher base rates at BLPC”.

    Emera published its unaudited interim financial statements on November 10 and held an earnings call on the same day, in which its chief financial officer Greg Blunden cited the financial contribution of the interim rates paid to BL& P.

    The section of the financial report on consolidated adjusted net income outlined the overall increased contribution from the Barbados utility company.

    Emera said the consolidated adjust net income contribution from BL& P was $12 million for the three months ended September 30, up from $6 million in the same period last year. For the nine months ended September 30, it was $28 million, up from $12 million in the same nine months in 2022.

    Blunden said regarding his company’s quarterly financial results that contributions from the Canadian and Caribbean utilities “increased to combine $16 million year-over-year with earnings from our Canadian equity investments and interim rates of Barbados Light & Power partially offset by higher storm and interest costs at Nova Scotia Power”.

    In its financial report, including the management discussion and analysis, Emera commented on the two measures which, if regulators give approval, would see Barbadians paying more for electricity.

    These are the substantive electricity rate application and the Clean Energy Transition Rider (CETR) related to battery storage and related investments.

    Stay granted

    On the general electricity rate increase application, Emera said: On May 12, 2023, the FTC granted the stay of the [February 13, 2023] decision until the determination of the motion for review and variation. The motion was heard in August 2023 and BLPC is awaiting FTC’s decision. BLPC expects a final order from the FTC in quarter four 2023.

    “The final impacts to BLPC’s rate base and final rates are not yet determinable and have not been recorded but management does not expect the final decision to have a material impact on Emera’s adjusted net income,” it added.

    It said in relation to the CETR this “is intended to facilitate the timely recovery between rate cases of costs associated with approved renewable energy assets”.

    Last September the FTC granted BL& P an interim electricity rate increase, capping it at 50 per cent of the requested rates for all customer classes except the company’s employees, who have been paying the full rate.

    BL& P said it needed the interim relief partly because its earnings were on the decline since 2018 and there was a projected negative cash flow position of $7 million in 2022, which was likely to worsen if the Applicant is unable to secure anticipated loans of $106 million in 2022 to finance its ongoing capital programme.

    With projected profits of $14.8 million and $2.5 million for 2022 and 2023, respectively, BL& P also said if interim rates were not granted to support its cash flow position, it would affect its ability to obtain debt financing at reasonable rates. The negative impact of higher domestic inflation was another reason advanced for why the interim rate increase was needed.

    Source: Nation


  38. Important FTC ruling re SOL

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